Pengertian Monitor

Monitor adalah suatu tipe data abstrak yang dapat mengatur aktivitas serta penggunaan resource oleh beberapa thread. Ide monitor pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh C.A.R Hoare dan Per Brinch-Hansen pada awal 1970-an.
Monitor terdiri atas data-data private dengan fungsi-fungsi public yang dapat mengakses data-data tersebut. Method-method dalam suatu monitor sudah dirancang sedemikian rupa agar hanya ada satu buah method yang dapat bekerja pada suatu saat. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menjaga agar semua operasi dalam monitor bersifat mutual exclusion.
Monitor dapat dianalogikan sebagai sebuah bangunan dengan tiga buah ruangan yaitu satu buah ruangan kontrol, satu buah ruang-tunggu-masuk, satu buah ruang-tunggu-dalam. Ketika suatu thread memasuki monitor, ia memasuki ruang-tunggu-masuk (enter). Ketika gilirannya tiba, thread memasuki ruang kontrol (acquire), di sini thread menyelesaikan tugasnya dengan shared resource yang berada di ruang kontrol (owning). Jika tugas thread tersebut belum selesai tetapi alokasi waktu untuknya sudah habis atau thread tersebut menunggu pekerjaan thread lain selesai, thread melepaskan kendali atas monitor (release) dan dipindahkan ke ruang-tunggu-dalam (waiting queue). Ketika gilirannya tiba kembali, thread memasuki ruang kontrol lagi (acquire). Jika tugasnya selesai, ia keluar dari monitor (release and exit).

Pertama Di Dunia

Harddisk adalah media penyimpan yang sangat penting pada computer. Sayangnya umur pemakaian yang terbatas. Kerusakan pada harddisk dapat disebabkan beberapa hal. Misalnya :
Power supply yang tidak memadai dan merusak kontroller harddisk dan motor.
Harddisk terjatuh dan merusak mekanik didalamnya atau minimal terjadi bad sector.
Terlalu sering dibawa bawa tanpa pengaman membuat platter harddisk rusak karena goncangan berlebih.
Suhu didalam harddisk yang panas membuat kondisi harddisk dalam lingkungan tidak stabil.
Kondisi MTBF/umur harddisk, sudah tercapai dan akan rusak.
Hal yang masih dapat dilakukan untuk memperbaiki harddisk yang terkena bad sector adalah hanya kondisi dimana harddisk masih berputar, keadaan controller harddisk masih bekerja. Tetapi keadaan ini masih dibagi lagi, bila ingin mengunakan harddisk yang terkena bad sector. Masalah penyebab bad sector adalah salah satu kerusakan yang sering terjadi. Kondisi kerusakan oleh bad sector dibedakan oleh 3 keadaan.
Kondisi dimana platter harddisk aus. Pada kondisi ini harddisk memang sudah tidak dapat digunakan. Semakin lama harddisk semakin rusak dan tidak berguna lagi untuk dipakai sebagai media storage.
Kondisi platter yang aus tetapi belum mencapai kondisi kritis. Kondisi ini dapat dikatakan cukup stabil untuk harddisk. Kemungkinan harddisk masih dapat diperbaiki karena platter masih mungkin dilow level.
Kondisi platter yang aus, baik kondisi yang parah atau ringan tetapi kerusakan terdapat di cluster 0 (lokasi dimana informasi partisi harddisk disimpan). Kondisi ini tidak memungkinkan harddisk diperbaiki.
Membicarakan keadaan harddisk untuk diperbaiki hanya memungkinkan perbaikan pada kondisi ke 2, dimana permukaan harddisk masih stabil tetapi terdapat kerusakan ringan di beberapa tempat.

Tecnologi Harddisk

HDDs record data by magnetizing ferromagnetic material directionally, to represent either a 0 or a 1 binary digit. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical HDD design consists of a spindle which holds one or more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data are recorded. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy or glass, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material. Older disks used iron(III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current disks use a cobalt-based alloy.[citation needed]

A cross section of the magnetic surface in action. In this case the binary data is encoded using frequency modulation.
The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past devices called read-and-write heads that operate very close (tens of nanometers in new drives) over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or (in older designs) a stepper motor. Stepper motors were outside the head-disk chamber, and preceded voice-coil drives. The latter, for a while, had a structure similar to that of a loudspeaker; the coil and heads moved in a straight line, along a radius of the platters. The present-day structure differs in several respects from that of the earlier voice-coil drives, but the same interaction between the coil and magnetic field still applies, and the term is still used.
Older drives read the data on the platter by sensing the rate of change of the magnetism in the head; these heads had small coils, and worked (in principle) much like magnetic-tape playback heads, although not in contact with the recording surface. As data density increased, read heads using magnetoresistance (MR) came into use; the electrical resistance of the head changed according to the strength of the magnetism from the platter. Later development made use of spintronics; in these heads, the magnetoresistive effect was much greater that in earlier types, and was dubbed "giant" magnetoresistance (GMR). This refers to the degree of effect, not the physical size, of the head — the heads themselves are extremely tiny, and are too small to be seen without a microscope. GMR read heads are now commonplace.[citation needed]
HD heads are kept from contacting the platter surface by the air that is extremely close to the platter; that air moves at, or close to, the platter speed.[citation needed] The record and playback head are mounted on a block called a slider, and the surface next to the platter is shaped to keep it just barely out of contact. It's a type of air bearing.
The magnetic surface of each platter is conceptually divided into many small sub-micrometre-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to encode a single binary unit of information. In today's HDDs, each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains. Each magnetic region forms a magnetic dipole which generates a highly localized magnetic field nearby. The write head magnetizes a region by generating a strong local magnetic field. Early HDDs used an electromagnet both to generate this field and to read the data by using electromagnetic induction. Later versions of inductive heads included metal in Gap (MIG) heads and thin film heads. In today's heads, the read and write elements are separate, but in close proximity, on the head portion of an actuator arm. The read element is typically magneto-resistive while the write element is typically thin-film inductive.[5]